Signal Words

Signal words and phrases guide readers from one sentence to the next. Although they often appear at the beginning of a sentence, they may also show up in the middle (usually after the subject) or even at the end. Here are the common signal words and phrases, grouped according to the type of relationship shown by each.


1. Addition Signals
Code:

and
also
besides
first, second, third
in addition
in the first place, in the second place, in the third place
furthermore
moreover
to begin with, next, finally

Example
In the first place, no "burning" in the sense of combustion, as in the burning of wood, occurs in a volcano; moreover, volcanoes are not necessarily mountains; furthermore, the activity takes place not always at the summit but more commonly on the sides or flanks; and finally, the "smoke" is not smoke but condensed steam.
(Fred Bullard, Volcanoes in History, in Theory, in Eruption)

2. Cause-Effect Signals
Code:

accordingly
and so
as a result
consequently
for this reason
hence
so
then
therefore
thus

Example
The ideologue is often brilliant. Consequently some of us distrust brilliance when we should distrust the ideologue.
(Clifton Fadiman, “Eggheads, Intellectuals, Ideologues, Highbrows”)

3. Comparison Signals
Code:

by the same token
in like manner
in the same way
in similar fashion
likewise
similarly

Example
When you start with a portrait and search for a pure form, a clear volume, through successive eliminations, you arrive inevitably at the egg. Likewise, starting with the egg and following the same process in reverse, one finishes with the portrait.
(Pablo Picasso)

4. Contrast Signals
Code:

but
however
in contrast
instead
nevertheless
on the contrary
on the other hand
still
yet

Example
Every American, to the last man, lays claim to a “sense” of humor and guards it as his most significant spiritual trait, yet rejects humor as a contaminating element wherever found. America is a nation of comics and comedians; nevertheless, humor has no stature and is accepted only after the death of the perpetrator.
(E. B. White)

5. Conclusion and Summary Signals
Code:

and so
after all
at last
finally
in brief
in closing
in conclusion
on the whole
to conclude
to summarize

Example
Reporters are not paid to operate in retrospect. Because when news begins to solidify into current events and finally harden into history, it is the stories we didn’t write, the questions we didn’t ask that prove far, far more damaging than the ones we did.
(Anna Quindlen)

6. Example Signals
Code:

as an example
for example
for instance
specifically
thus
to illustrate

Example
With all the ingenuity involved in hiding delicacies on the body, this process automatically excludes certain foods. For example, a turkey sandwich is welcome, but the cumbersome cantaloupe is not.
(Steve Martin, "How to Fold Soup")

7. Insistence Signals
Code:

in fact
indeed
no
yes

Example
The joy of giving is indeed a pleasure, especially when you get rid of something you don’t want.
(Frank Butler, Going My Way)

8. Place Signals
Code:

above
alongside
beneath
beyond
farther along
in back
in front
nearby
on top of
to the left
to the right
under
upon

Example
What did it matter where you lay once you were dead? In a dirty sump or in a marble tower on top of a high hill? You were dead, you were sleeping the big sleep, you were not bothered by things like that.
(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep)

9. Restatement Signals
Code:

in other words
in short
in simpler terms
that is
to put it differently
to repeat

Example
Anthropologist Geoffrey Gorer studied the few peaceful human tribes and discovered one common characteristic: sex roles were not polarized. Differences of dress and occupation were at a minimum. Society in other words, was not using sexual blackmail as a way of getting women to do cheap labor, or men to be aggressive.
(Gloria Steinem, "What It Would Be Like If Women Win")

10. Time Signals
Code:

afterward
at the same time
currently
earlier
formerly
immediately
in the future
in the meantime
in the past
later
meanwhile
previously
simultaneously
subsequently
then
until now

Example
At first a toy, then a mode of transportation for the rich, the automobile was designed as man's mechanical servant. Later it became part of the pattern of living.